References on Diamond and semiconductor properties

• Heinz Pernegger et al, Charge-carrier properties in synthetic single-crystal diamond
• Hendrik Jansen [PhD thesis] CVD diamond: charge carrier movement at low temperatures
• Link on Energy Loss distribution of charged particles in matter (Landau, Vavilov and friends) Stefano Merolli's webpage at CERN. Also this node of Markus Friedl's thesis Chap 2 on Silicon sensors has useful references about Landau distributions.

Particle Physics

Theory

An excellent overview of the field of Particle physics is provided in the Los Alamos primer Note that this is a rather old book (1984!). The 'state of the art' has advanced exponentially beyond that, but it has also become exponentially more complex. This is a good short introduction to the basic concepts.

This link points to a collection of lecture notes from my course EP408 on Experimental Methods of Particle and Nuclear physics.

Statistical data analysis

• This book gives an excellent introduction to data analysis techniques used in Particle Physics

Semiconductor devices and silicon sensor fabrication

TCAD

Weightfield2 is a ROOT based software toolkit to simulate the effect of radiation damage on signal response in semiconductors. Grab the software from the website.
Recent poster presented by a PhD student at VCI2016 on calculations performed with Weightfield2 is available at the conference website.

Fabrication

[02.02.2016] Here are a couple of standard 'how-to' reference books for silicon wafer processing:

1. Stephen Campell The Science and Engineering of Microelectronic Fabrication 2nd Edition here
2. James Plummer Silicon VLSI Technology (advanced, most up-to-date)
3. Peter van Zant Microchip fabrication: a practical guide to semiconductor processing (basics) here
4. Frank Hartmann Evolution of silicon sensor technology (with focus on applications in particle physics) here

Latest edition hard copy of these books are in the lab.

Some other published papers on semiconductor device specifics

1. Mehta et al (BARC), Silicon drift detector design and fabrication at CEN Paper here
2. Effect of annealing temperatures on silicon doped with ion implantation: some papers on temperature and other effects:
   • paper 1 (1987)
   • paper 2 (1992)
   • (2003) Effect on resistivity by varying temperature
   • paper on solar PV silicon
3. Diffusion after doping Silicon
   • Basic Lecture Notes
   • Scotten Jones IC Knowledge Lots of detailed calculations

Recent project reports

• Prithika Vageeswaran DDP (2014) Zip file containing all relevant work done on diamond simulations in Sentaurus software
• Ankur Agarwal (Dual Degree stage 1 - Dec 2015) on wafer level silicon sensor design: report and presentation
• Eslikumar (Dec 2015) on wafer level silicon sensor design here

Photolithography masks are typically designed in CleWin software CleWin 4.1 free trial is available here.
A video tutorial here, and a detailed pdf manual here.

Semiconductor device properties that are too difficult to calculate analytically are usually numerically computed using TCAD software (Technology Computer Aided Design) The commonly used TCAD software packages that we have access to in CEN are: Centaurus, Synopsys and Silvaco. Along with measuring device properties like carrier mobility in the lab, we usually have to predict (or post-dict) these properties using TCAD calculations.

Semiconductor device characterization

[14.03.2016]

1. HOW-TO on Baseline electrical characterization of (traditional, doped) semiconductor detectors Nicoleta Dinu, Fermilab Seminar 2003

References

Here are a couple of standard references for instrumentation in particle physics. Hard copies of the books are available in my lab or office.

• From the perspective of experiments, William Leo's timeless classic Techniques of Experimental Nuclear and Particle Physics is hard to beat.It is an older book, but many of the principles set forth in the book are still widely applied.
• From a theoretical perspective, there are B-LHC books and A-LHC books (Before and After-). One book that focuses on all the concepts relevant to particle physics in the A-LHC era is Christopher Tully's Elementary Particle physics in a nutshell.

Literature Background - PhD seminar 2015-16 Topics in experimental particle and nuclear physics

Lecture notes

This link points to a collection of lecture notes from my course EP408 on Experimental Methods of Particle and Nuclear physics (Spring 2013).

Please review the lecture notes as per our schedule of meeting every week.

(31.08.2015) Additional reading material on techniques for characterizing semiconductor detectors
See this presentation by Nicoleta Dinu. The presentation is a little old (2003) but the principles are well explained and still relevant.

Physics

• Lecture notes from the SERC school 2012 that provide a comprehensive overview of particle physics and the standard model
• Review article from the European Physical Journal C that gives an overview of the physics potential and experimental challenges as the LHC goes to higher luminosity.
• Basics of relativistic kinematics, especially some jargon terms used commonly in particle physics are in Ed Daw's lectures notes from Sheffield here and here

Other topics that have come up in discussion

• Question: What are b-tagged jets? Why are b-quark jets important?
  Answer:
  • b-quark containing mesons are long-lived so jets originating from b-quarks originate from a secondary vertex that is measurably displaced from the primary collision vertex. By looking for the displaced 'secondary vertex' we can cleanly identify that the jet originated from a b-quark. Such jets are called 'b-tagged' jets. This type of tagging is not possible to do with the jets originating from the decay of lighter quarks since those quarks decay too quickly, and the jet origin cannot be sufficiently differentiated from the primary vertex.
  • b-quark is the second heaviest quark after the top quark. The interaction of the Higgs boson to each quark is proportional to its mass, so we expect good interaction between Higgs and b-quark (if a Higgs has been produced in the p+p) While producing the b-quark directly in p+p collisions is rare, if a Higgs is produced, it will preferentially decay into b. So it is a good idea to look at b-quark originated jets to study Higgs.
  Explained in more detail with diagrams here and here